Apparatus and method for providing an advised driving speed

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for providing an advised driving speed to a driver of a vehicle travelling on a road network is disclosed. The method comprises determining an advised driving speed of a vehicle for a portion of the road network currently being traversed, determining a current speed of the vehicle on the portion of the road network, and determining a speed limit and/or an expected driving speed for the portion of the road network. An indication of the advised driving speed is then provided to the driver of the vehicle when: (i) the current speed of the vehicle is greater than a first threshold value based on the advised driving speed; and (ii) the speed limit and/or the expected driving speed is greater than a second threshold value. A method and apparatus is also disclosed for determining a score indicative of the compliance of a driver of a vehicle to an advised driving speed during a journey on a road network.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for determiningan advised or recommended speed for a vehicle that, when used by thedriver, can lead to improvements in fuel efficiency. In embodiments, theinvention further relates to methods and apparatus for determining whento provide such an advised driving speed to a driver. In otherembodiments, the invention further relates to methods and apparatus forevaluating vehicle driving, for example, for provision to a driver ofthe vehicle and/or to a manager of a fleet of vehicles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Increasingly it is desired to improve a fuel economy of vehicles,particularly, although not exclusively, vehicles powered by fossilfuels, such as petrol and diesel. Although it will be realised thatimproving the fuel economy of any vehicle, including electric, hybridand hydrogen powered vehicles, for example, is also desired. Someefforts at improving the fuel economy of vehicles are focussed onincreasing an efficiency of the vehicle, such as a mechanical and/orelectrical efficiency of the vehicle. It has also been realised that themanner in which a vehicle is driven can have a significant impact of thevehicle's economy.

People often drive at speeds that are inefficient in terms of fuelconsumption. This is often because they do not know an appropriate,efficient speed at which to drive. In addition, there is a significantvariation in fuel efficiency from vehicle to vehicle, vehicle type tovehicle type, and from driver to driver based on their driving style.Driving in a way which is more fuel efficient can reduce the harmfulpollutants emitted from a vehicle, and reduce the cost of the fuel usedduring a journey. Furthermore, a fuel-efficient driving styles canreduce the stress on the components of the vehicle, for example theengine, resulting in increased durability for these vehicle components.

Therefore it is desired to provide a method to determine a recommendedspeed for a vehicle that optimises fuel efficiency. It is also desirableto provide a method by which vehicle driving can be evaluated withrespect to such a determined recommended speed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there isprovided a method of providing an advised driving speed to a driver of avehicle travelling on a road network, comprising: determining an adviseddriving speed of a vehicle for a portion of the road network currentlybeing traversed;

determining a current speed of the vehicle on the portion of the roadnetwork;

determining a speed limit and/or an expected driving speed for theportion of the road network; and

providing an indication of the advised driving speed to the driver ofthe vehicle when: (i) the current speed of the vehicle is greater than afirst threshold value based on the advised driving speed; and (ii) thespeed limit and/or the expected driving speed is greater than a secondthreshold value.

The present invention extends to an apparatus for carrying out a methodin accordance with any of the aspects or embodiments of the inventionherein described.

Thus, in accordance with another aspect of the invention there isprovided an apparatus for providing an advised driving speed to a driverof a vehicle travelling on a road network, comprising:

means for determining an advised driving speed of a vehicle for aportion of the road network currently being traversed;

means for determining a current speed of the vehicle on the portion ofthe road network;

means for determining a speed limit and/or an expected driving speed forthe portion of the road network; and

means for providing an indication of the advised driving speed to thedriver of the vehicle when: (i) the current speed of the vehicle isgreater than a first threshold value based on the advised driving speed;and (ii) the speed limit and/or the expected driving speed is greaterthan a second threshold value.

Similarly, in accordance with another aspect of the invention there isprovided an apparatus for providing an advised driving speed to a driverof a vehicle travelling on a road network, comprising at least oneprocessor and a memory containing instructions that, when executed bythe at least one processor, cause the apparatus to:

determine an advised driving speed of a vehicle for a portion of theroad network currently being traversed;

determine a current speed of the vehicle on the portion of the roadnetwork;

means for determining a speed limit and/or an expected driving speed forthe portion of the road network; and

provide an indication of the advised driving speed to the driver of thevehicle when: (i) the current speed of the vehicle is greater than afirst threshold value based on the advised driving speed; and (ii) thespeed limit and/or the expected driving speed is greater than a secondthreshold value.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, this further aspectof the present invention can and preferably does include any one or moreor all of the preferred and optional features of the invention describedherein in respect of any of the other aspects of the invention, asappropriate. If not explicitly stated, the system of the presentinvention herein may comprise means for carrying out any step describedin relation to the method of the invention in any of its aspects orembodiments, and vice versa.

In embodiments, the method may comprise continually determining theadvised driving speed, the current speed of the vehicle and the speedlimit and/or expected driving speed as the vehicle travels along theroad network, and stopping the provision of the advised driving speedwhen at least one of: (i) the current speed of the vehicle is less thanthe first threshold value; and (ii) the speed limit and/or the expecteddriving speed is less than the second threshold value. The step ofproviding an indication of the advised driving speed to the driver maycomprise displaying a graphical indication of the advised driving speedon a display device within the vehicle. The determined advised drivingspeed may be displayed on the display device in combination with atleast one of: the current speed of the vehicle; and the speed limit forthe portion of the road network being traversed.

In embodiments, the method may comprise triggering a determination ofthe advised driving speed when there is change in the speed limit and/orexpected driving speed for the portion of the road network beingtraversed. The determination of the advised driving speed may betriggered when the change in the speed limit and/or expected drivingspeed is more than a predetermined threshold.

In embodiments, the first threshold value may be based on the adviseddriving speed comprises a predetermined percentage of the adviseddriving speed. The predetermined percentage may comprise a value between70 to 90%, optionally 80%.

In embodiments, the second threshold value may comprise a value between80 and 100 km/h, more preferably 90 km/h.

In embodiments, the determination of the advised driving speed maycomprise subtracting a predetermined value from determined speed limit.The predetermined value may comprise a value between 5 and 15 km/h, morepreferably 10 km/h.

In other embodiments, the determination of the advised driving speed maycomprise accessing first predetermined data indicative of the variationin average fuel consumption for the vehicle with speed of the vehicle,using the first predetermined data to determine data indicative ofaverage fuel consumption for the vehicle for a plurality of speedswithin a range based on a speed limit for the portion of the roadnetwork being traversed, and evaluating the advised driving speed basedat least in part on the determined data indicative of average fuelconsumption for the vehicle for the range of speeds. The vehicle may bea geared vehicle, and the determination of the advised driving speed mayfurther comprise accessing second predetermined data indicative of thevariation in a likelihood of the vehicle being in the highest gear withspeed of the vehicle, and using the second predetermined data todetermine data indicative of a likelihood of the vehicle being in thehighest gear for the plurality of speeds within the range based on aspeed limit for the portion of the road network being traversed, whereinsaid evaluating the advised driving speed of the vehicle is furtherbased on the determined data indicative of a likelihood of the vehiclebeing in the highest gear for the range of speeds. The determination ofthe advised driving speed may further comprise determining a score valuefor each of the plurality of speeds within the range based on a speedlimit for the portion of the road network being traversed, said scorevalue being determined using the first predetermined data and the secondpredetermined data, and setting the advised driving speed of the vehicleas a speed from the plurality of speeds within the range based on thedetermined score values.

It is believed that the determination of the advised driving speed inthis manner may be new and advantageous in its own right. Thus, inaccordance with a further aspect of the invention there is provided amethod of evaluating an advised driving speed of a vehicle traversing aparticular portion of a road network, comprising:

accessing first predetermined data indicative of the variation inaverage fuel consumption for the vehicle with speed of the vehicle;

using the first predetermined data to determine data indicative ofaverage fuel consumption for the vehicle for a plurality of speedswithin a range based on a speed limit for the portion of the roadnetwork being traversed; and

evaluating the advised driving speed of the vehicle based at least inpart on the determined data indicative of average fuel consumption forthe vehicle for the range of speeds.

The present invention extends to an apparatus for carrying out a methodin accordance with any of the aspects or embodiments of the inventionherein described.

Thus, in accordance with another aspect of the invention there isprovided an apparatus for evaluating an advised driving speed of avehicle traversing a particular portion of a road network, comprising:

means for accessing first predetermined data indicative of the variationin average fuel consumption for the vehicle with speed of the vehicle;

means for using the first predetermined data to determine dataindicative of average fuel consumption for the vehicle for a pluralityof speeds within a range based on a speed limit for the portion of theroad network being traversed; and

means for evaluating the advised driving speed of the vehicle based atleast in part on the determined data indicative of average fuelconsumption for the vehicle for the range of speeds.

Similarly, in accordance with another aspect of the invention there isprovided an apparatus for evaluating an advised driving speed of avehicle traversing a particular portion of a road network, comprising atleast one processor and a memory containing instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to:

access first predetermined data indicative of the variation in averagefuel consumption for the vehicle with speed of the vehicle;

use the first predetermined data to determine data indicative of averagefuel consumption for the vehicle for a plurality of speeds within arange based on a speed limit for the portion of the road network beingtraversed; and

evaluate the advised driving speed of the vehicle based at least in parton the determined data indicative of average fuel consumption for thevehicle for the range of speeds.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, this further aspectof the present invention can and preferably does include any one or moreor all of the preferred and optional features of the invention describedherein in respect of any of the other aspects of the invention, asappropriate. If not explicitly stated, the system of the presentinvention herein may comprise means for carrying out any step describedin relation to the method of the invention in any of its aspects orembodiments, and vice versa.

For example, in embodiments, the first predetermined data may beindicative of the variation in average fuel consumption for the vehiclewith speed of the vehicle is a fuel consumption per speed histogram. Themethod may further comprise generating the fuel consumption per speedhistogram for the vehicle, said generating comprising receiving aplurality of fuel consumption values of the vehicle, receiving acorresponding plurality of speeds of the vehicle, wherein each speed ofthe vehicle indicates the speed for which a corresponding fuelconsumption value was determined, assigning each of the fuel consumptionvalues to one of a plurality of bins of a histogram based on thecorresponding speed of the vehicle at which the fuel consumption valuewas determined, and evaluating an average fuel consumption value foreach bin of the histogram by averaging the fuel consumption valueswithin each bin.

Moreover, in embodiments, wherein the vehicle is a geared vehicle, themethod may further comprise accessing second predetermined dataindicative of the variation in a likelihood of the vehicle being in thehighest gear with speed of the vehicle, and using the secondpredetermined data to determine data indicative of a likelihood of thevehicle being in the highest gear for the plurality of speeds within therange based on a speed limit for the portion of the road network beingtraversed, and wherein said evaluating the advised driving speed of thevehicle is further based on the determined data indicative of alikelihood of the vehicle being in the highest gear for the range ofspeeds. The second predetermined data may be indicative of the variationin a likelihood of the vehicle being in the highest gear with speed ofthe vehicle is a likelihood of the vehicle being in the highest gear perspeed histogram. The method may further comprise generating thelikelihood of the vehicle being in the highest gear per speed histogramfor the vehicle, said generating comprising receiving, for each of aplurality of speeds of the vehicle, a value indicative of whether thevehicle was its highest gear at that speed, assigning each of the valuesindicative of whether the vehicle was its highest gear to one of aplurality of bins of a histogram based on the corresponding speed of thevehicle at which the value was determined, and evaluating an averagevalue for each bin of the histogram by averaging the values indicativeof whether the vehicle was its highest gear within each bin. The methodmay further comprise determining a score value for each of the pluralityof speeds within the range based on a speed limit for the portion of theroad network being traversed, said score value being determined usingthe first predetermined data and the second predetermined data, settingthe advised driving speed of the vehicle as a speed from the pluralityof speeds within the range based on the determined score values.

In embodiments, according to any of the aspects mentioned above, theroad network is represented by an electronic map comprising a pluralityof segments, each segment representing a portion of the road network,and each segment having associated therewith a speed limit and/or anexpected driving speed for the portion of the road network representedby that segment, and wherein the determination of the speed limit and/orthe expected driving speed for the portion of the road network maycomprise retrieving the respective stored speed limit and/or expecteddriving speed associated with the segment of the electronic map thatrepresents the portion of the road network currently being traversed.

In embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise a display device, andwherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor,cause the apparatus to display a graphical indication of the adviseddriving speed on the display device. The apparatus may comprise aportable navigation device or a navigation device integrated in thevehicle.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there isprovided a method of determining a score indicative of the compliance ofa driver of a vehicle to an advised driving speed during a journey on aroad network, comprising:

determining a first time indicative of the total driving time of thevehicle during the journey when an advised driving speed was provided tothe driver of the vehicle, wherein an advised driving speed is providedto the driver of the vehicle when: (i) a current speed of the vehicle isgreater than a first threshold value based on a determined adviseddriving speed; and (ii) a speed limit and/or an expected driving speedfor the portion of the road network being traversed is greater than asecond threshold value;

determining a second time indicative of the driving time during thejourney when the speed of the vehicle was less than a threshold based onthe advised driving speed provided to the driver; and

determining the score indicative of the compliance of the driver to theadvised driving speed based on the first and second times.

The present invention extends to an apparatus for carrying out a methodin accordance with any of the aspects or embodiments of the inventionherein described.

Thus, in accordance with another aspect of the invention there isprovided an apparatus for determining a score indicative of thecompliance of a driver of a vehicle to an advised driving speed during ajourney on a road network, comprising:

means for determining a first time indicative of the total driving timeof the vehicle during the journey when an advised driving speed wasprovided to the driver of the vehicle, wherein an advised driving speedis provided to the driver of the vehicle when: (i) a current speed ofthe vehicle is greater than a first threshold value based on adetermined advised driving speed; and (ii) a speed limit and/or anexpected driving speed for the portion of the road network beingtraversed is greater than a second threshold value;

means for determining a second time indicative of the driving timeduring the journey when the speed of the vehicle was less than athreshold based on the advised driving speed provided to the driver; and

means determining the score indicative of the compliance of the driverto the advised driving speed based on the first and second times.

Similarly, in accordance with another aspect of the invention there isprovided an apparatus for determining a score indicative of thecompliance of a driver of a vehicle to an advised driving speed during ajourney on a road network, comprising at least one processor and amemory containing instructions that, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, cause the apparatus to:

determine a first time indicative of the total driving time of thevehicle during the journey when an advised driving speed was provided tothe driver of the vehicle, wherein an advised driving speed is providedto the driver of the vehicle when: (i) a current speed of the vehicle isgreater than a first threshold value based on a determined adviseddriving speed; and (ii) a speed limit and/or an expected driving speedfor the portion of the road network being traversed is greater than asecond threshold value;

determine a second time indicative of the driving time during thejourney when the speed of the vehicle was less than a threshold based onthe advised driving speed provided to the driver; and

determine the score indicative of the compliance of the driver to theadvised driving speed based on the first and second times.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, this further aspectof the present invention can and preferably does include any one or moreor all of the preferred and optional features of the invention describedherein in respect of any of the other aspects of the invention, asappropriate. If not explicitly stated, the system of the presentinvention herein may comprise means for carrying out any step describedin relation to the method of the invention in any of its aspects orembodiments, and vice versa.

In embodiments, the determination of the score is based on a ratio ofthe second time to the first time. The determination of the second timemay comprise determining the driving time during the journey when thespeed of the vehicle was less than or equal to the advised driving speedprovided to the driver.

In embodiments, the step of determining the first and/or second timecomprises receiving the location of the vehicle at a plurality of timesduring the journey, determining an advised driving speed for the vehicleat each of the received locations, and determining a speed limit and/oran expected driving speed for the portion of the road network for eachof the received locations. In other words, the vehicle can send theirpositions, typically a time-stamped position, to a server, and theserver can use this received information to determine the speed of thevehicle at the location and the advised driving speed at the location,e.g. by determining the advised driving speed for a location based onthe speed limit and/or expected speed limit for the location (which willtypically be found in an electronic map, the received location beingmatched to a corresponding location in the electronic map). The serveris also able to determine whether the advised driving speed was providedto the driver in the vehicle, and thus it is possible for the server todetermine the score of the compliance of the driver to the adviseddriving speed based only on the received (time-stamped) location data.It will be appreciated, however, that in some embodiments, the vehiclelocation and associated speed of the vehicle may be received, ratherthan needing to determine the speed of the vehicle from the time-stampedlocations.

In other embodiments, the step of determining the first and/or secondtime comprises receiving the location of the vehicle and the associatedadvised driving speed for each location at a plurality of times duringthe journey, and determining a speed limit and/or an expected drivingspeed for the portion of the road network for each of the receivedlocations. In other words, in this embodiments, the vehicle would alsotransmit the advised driving speed determined within the vehicle to theserver, e.g. since the advised driving speed is determining using atleast a fuel consumption against speed histogram.

Thus, in embodiments, the apparatus may comprise a server arranged toreceive the location of the vehicle at a plurality of times during thejourney, and optionally to receive at least one the speed of the vehicleand the advised driving speed for each location.

In embodiments the method may further comprise transmitting thedetermined score for display on a remote device. The remote device may adevice within the vehicle, e.g. the same device on which the adviseddriving speed is provided or displayed. Additionally, or alternatively,the remote device may be a computer of a manger of a feet of vehicles,including the vehicle and driver for which the score relates, and thescore can be displayed to the fleet manager, possibly with scores fromother previously journeys made by the vehicle and/or driver.

Methods in accordance with the present invention may be implemented atleast partially using software, e.g. computer programs. The presentinvention thus also extends to a computer program comprising computerreadable instructions executable to perform a method according to any ofthe embodiments of the invention.

The invention thus also extends to a computer software carriercomprising software which when used to operate a system or apparatuscomprising data processing means causes, in conjunction with said dataprocessing means, said apparatus or system to carry out the steps of amethod in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Such acomputer software carrier could be a non-transitory physical storagemedium, such as a ROM chip, CD ROM or disk, or could be a signal, suchas an electronic signal over wires, an optical signal or a radio signalsuch as to a satellite or the like.

The present invention in accordance with any of its further aspects orembodiments may include any of the features described in reference toother aspects or embodiments of the invention to the extent it is notmutually inconsistent therewith.

Advantages of these embodiments are set out hereafter, and furtherdetails and features of each of these embodiments are defined in theaccompanying dependent claims and elsewhere in the following detaileddescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some preferred embodiments of the present invention will now bedescribed, by way of example only, and with reference to theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a system for providing driver feedback;

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a system according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a histogram that is generated according toan embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an exemplary implementation of a geardetection algorithm according to an embodiment of the second aspect ofthe present invention;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an exemplary implementation of a reversegear detection algorithm according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary display of a navigation device indicating adetermined green speed that it is recommended for the driver to follow;and

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an exemplary report as viewable on thecomputer of the fleet manager showing the green speed performance metricfor a plurality of trips made by a vehicle or driver.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the invention are directed to methods and systems formonitoring the performance of drivers of vehicles over one or morejourneys, and methods and systems for providing feedback to a driver inorder to promote more economical driving.

An system for proving driver feedback is shown in FIG. 1. As shown inFIG. 1, the driver feedback comprises two components: feedback oncurrent or historic driving performance (to be studied by the driverbefore beginning a trip or after having completed a trip); and advice onhow driving styles can be modified to achieve more economical driving(which is typically given during a trip). The advice may comprise adviceon an optimal or “green” speed to achieve maximum economical results;times/areas when “coasting” is possible; gear choice and when to changegear; etc. The feedback may comprise counts of events with harshacceleration or declaration, speeding events (with respect to the speedlimit and/or green speed), inefficient gear changes (over-revving), etc.The feedback may also comprise indicators as to how current and/orhistoric driving performance equates to predetermined goals, which maybe set by the driver or may be set remotely by a fleet manager.

The invention is directed to the generation of a new performanceindicator for use in providing driver feedback, and to methods fordetermining data for use in the generation of such a performanceindicator. A summary of the each of the aspects of the invention isgiven below:

-   -   The determination of an advised driving speed, such as an        optimal speed of travel (or “green” speed) for the vehicle, to        be provided to a driver of the vehicle, e.g. based on a legal        speed limit and/or an expected driving speed for the road        currently being traversed, or based on a generated fuel        consumption against speed histogram, and optionally information        about the current gear and highest (or maximum gear) of a        vehicle    -   The determination of when to determine and/or provide, e.g.        display, such a determined advised driving speed to the driver        of the vehicle during a trip    -   The determination of a green speed metric (or performance        indicator) based on the amount of time driven during a trip at        the proposed green speed in relation to the total driving time        of the trip

System Architecture

The vehicle may be of any type of vehicle including a conventional(fossil fuel) powered vehicle, e.g. petrol or diesel, a hybrid vehicle,a hydrogen powered vehicle, a fuel cell powered vehicle or an electricvehicle. Embodiments of the invention will be described with referenceto a vehicle having an engine (or drive unit) operative at an enginespeed and fuel being supplied to the engine (or being consumed by theengine) at a fuel rate. It will, however, be realised that these termsmay be construed accordingly to encompass the aforementioned types ofvehicles.

The system of the invention is exemplified by FIG. 2 in which thevehicle can include: an on-board diagnostics (OBD) adapter; a vehicletracking device; and a navigation device. The vehicle tracking devicecan be arranged to communicate with a server, which in turn is arrangedto communicate with the navigation device in the vehicle and a computer,such as in the base of operations of the fleet manager. While the systemthe system shows three distinct devices in the vehicle: the OBD adapter;the vehicle tracking device and the navigation device, it will beappreciated that the vehicular components of the system can be sharedbetween a greater number or a fewer number of devices as desired.Similarly, while FIG. 2 shows data being transmitted to the server onlyfrom the vehicle tracking device, in other embodiments data can be sentto the server from any of the vehicular devices as desired. Thefunctionality of each of the components shown in FIG. 2 will now bedescribed in more detail.

OBD Adapter:

The adapter device comprises an interface unit for communicating withone or more systems of the vehicle. The interface unit may be removablycoupleable to an OBD port of the vehicle to receive data indicative ofone or more parameters associated with the vehicle. The OBD portprovides the one or more parameters to the interface unit from acommunication bus of the vehicle. It will be realised, however, that theinterface unit may communicate with the vehicle via other connectionssuch as a via a wireless connection. The adapter device is thereforepreferably configured to collect data from the OBD port in the vehicle,such as engine speed (rpm), vehicle speed, and to determine otherinformation derived from such OBD data, such as the current gear,maximum gear, fuel consumption, etc, and to deliver the data to thevehicle tracking device. In other words, the data transmitted, in awired and/or wireless manner, to the vehicle tracking device isindicative of a current state of the vehicle. It will be appreciated,however, that the speed of the vehicle may be determined in other ways,such as via received wireless location determining signals.

Vehicle Tracking Device:

The tracking device comprises a position determining device, such as aglobal navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver, e.g. GPS or GLONASS.It will be appreciated, however, that other means may be used, such asusing the mobile telecommunications network, surface beacons or thelike. The positioning determining device generates tracking data, suchas time-stamped positions, indicative of the change in position of thedevice over time. The tracking device further comprises one or morecommunication devices that are arranged to communicate with the OBDadapter, the navigation device and the server, either using a wired orwireless connection. The one or more communication devices can comprisea short range wireless transceiver, such as a Bluetooth transceiver,e.g. for communicating with the OBD adapter and the navigation device,and can comprise a mobile telecommunications transceiver, such as a GPRSor GSM transceiver, e.g. for communicating with the server. The trackingdevice further comprises at least one processor arranged to aggregatecertain data for use in the subsequent generation of certain performanceindicators (as discussed in more detail below), e.g. how closely adriver maintained a recommended fuel efficient optimal (or “green”)speed. For example, the tracking device can enrich the tracking datawith a calculated green speed, which can be used at the server todetermine a green speed performance indicator (as discussed in moredetail below).

Navigation Device:

The navigation device comprises at least one processor and a displaydevice. The navigation device may be capable of one or more of:calculating a route to be travelled to a desired destination; andproviding navigation instructions to guide the driver along a calculatedroute to reach a desired destination. The at least one processor isarranged to cause performance indicators (e.g. obtained from the server)to be displayed on the display device, e.g. before, during and/or aftera trip. The at least one processor can be further arranged to displayindicators on the display device, such as an indicator to change up ingear, e.g. if it is determined that the vehicle is not currently in themaximum gear. The at least one processor can be further arranged todetect and calculate a green speed, and to cause the calculatedinformation to be displayed on the display device.

Server:

The server comprises at least one processor and a communications devicefor communicating with one of more of the vehicular devices, preferablythe vehicle tracking device. The at least one processor can be furtherarranged to calculate a green speed, rather than receive a green speedfrom one of the devices in the vehicle. The at least one processor isarranged to calculate at least one performance indicator, e.g. the greenspeed indicator, for a trip.

Computer:

The computer is in communication with the server, and is used by a fleetmanager to review the performance of the drivers of their fleet ofvehicles based on the determined performance indicators.

Gear Detection

According to embodiments of the invention, there is provided methods andsystems of determining gears of geared vehicle using vehicle speed andengine speed ratios of the vehicle, e.g. obtained over the OBD port ofthe vehicle using the OBD adapter device. The engine speed is typicallyrepresented using the unit rpm (revolutions per minute), which is ameasure of the frequency of rotation of the engine. In standardgearboxes the rpm-speed ratios are expected to be constant for eachgear, and thus having a list of all ratios would allow a currentlyengaged gear to be determined using a currently determined rpm-speedratio.

A first embodiment uses a histogram based approach. In this embodiment,each of a plurality of speed-rpm ratios is assigned to an appropriatespeed-rpm ratio bin (from among a plurality of speed-rpm ratio bins) togenerate a histogram. A thresholding process can be applied to thehistogram to identify a plurality of peaks, each peak being a speed-rpmratio that relates to an engaged gear of the vehicle. These identifiedpeaks can then be added to a gear table that has a plurality of entries,each entry being associated with an available gear of the vehicle andthe speed-rpm ratio determined from the peak. An example of a histogramthat is generated according to this embodiment is shown in FIG. 3. Anadvantage of this embodiment is that a currently engaged gear can bedetermined from a single sampled rpm-speed value. However, for example,some gears of the vehicle, e.g. reverse gear or first gear, may berarely used and can be hard to identify. The method can also bedifficult to implement if used in an OBD adapter (or other embeddeddevice) which often has limited computer memory and processingresources, since the histogram table can be relatively large (dependingon its level of granularity).

A second embodiment uses a continuous adaptation approach. In thisembodiment, a plurality of successive speed-rpm ratios are obtained, anda determination made of a consistency measure indicative of a variationin the plurality of ratios. If consistency measure is within apredetermined limit, i.e. the successive ratios are effectivelyconstant, then the observed ‘constant’ ratio can be said to be a resultof a gear being engaged. A ratio found this way can be added as a newentry to a pre-existing gear table, or if similar to an existing entryused to fine-tune the speed-rpm ratio associated with the appropriategear. Advantages of this embodiment are that the method is less impactedby noise often found in the data obtained from the OBD port, since themethod is analysing relatively small sets of successive samples.Furthermore, the method requires less computational memory andprocessing resources in comparison to the first embodiment, and thus canbe implemented more easily in an OBD adapter (or other embedded device).

An exemplary detailed implementation a gear detection algorithmaccording to the second embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. In thisimplementation the gear table is updated whenever the rpm-speed ratio isconstant within a certain tolerance for a certain amount of samples. Thecurrent gear is returned whenever the rpm-speed ratio is constant with acertain (e.g. less strict) tolerance for a certain amount of samples. Inthis embodiment, gear ratios need to be detected multiple times to beconsidered stable. Unstable gear ratios are not taken into account whenreturning the current gear. A cyclic clean-up is used to remove unstablegear ratios.

Other improvements to the method of the second embodiment to ensure thegear table is accurate can include the use of:

-   -   acceleration data from one or more accelerometers, since        acceleration in a forward direction makes it more likely that a        gear is engaged;    -   other data from the OBD port, such as engine load, pedal        position, etc    -   speed data, since an increase in speed is again indicative that        a gear is engaged.

As will be appreciated, the method of the second embodiment exemplifiedin FIG. 4 does not allow for the accurate detection of the reverse gear.This is because the reverse gear is typically only engaged for a shortperiod of time. Although it can, in some instances, be mistakenlyidentified as an additional gear between gear 1 and gear 2, which cancause inaccuracies when detecting the current gear. A method ofaccurately detecting the reverse gear can use acceleration data andspeed data, e.g. as shown in FIG. 5. In this embodiment, a drivingdirection of the vehicle can be determined by identifying whether thereis positive or negative acceleration after a period of zero speed; apositive acceleration indicating a forwards driving direction, and anegative acceleration indicating a backwards driving direction.

Thus, the invention encompasses a method of determining a current gearof a geared vehicle. The method can comprise receiving a speed-rpm ratioof the vehicle based on a speed of the vehicle and a corresponding rpmof a drive unit of the vehicle, e.g. using an OBD adapter connected tothe OBD port of the vehicle. A difference is preferably calculatedbetween the speed-rpm ratio and an available speed-rpm ratiocorresponding to a predetermined available gear of the vehicle. Adetermination is preferably made that the speed-rpm ratio corresponds toan available gear if the difference is within a predetermined tolerancelimit; this available gear then being assigned as the current gear. Thepredetermined available gears are taken from a gear table created inaccordance with one of the first and second methods described above.

Green Speed

According to embodiments of the invention, there is provided methods andsystems for determining a “green” speed for a vehicle. A green speed isa vehicle specific speed recommendation for a particular portion of thenavigable, e.g. road, network. In particular, a green speed is arecommended speed for a vehicle to travel on a particular portion of theroad network with the aim of optimising fuel consumption of the vehicle.

In embodiments, the determined green speed for a moment in time is addedto the tracking data obtained by the vehicle tracking device and sent tothe server, such that each time-stamped position is associated with adetermined green speed. In other embodiments, the green speed can bedetermined separately on a device within the vehicle, such as thenavigation device, and on the server; for example, when the green speedis determined based only on digital map data (as is discussed in moredetail below).

Green Speed Calculation

In embodiments, the green speed is determined based on the (legal) speedlimit for the road currently being traversed. This predetermined speedlimit is preferably found in the digital map, wherein a plurality ofsegments, and typically each segment, of the digital map are associatedwith a legal speed limit. For example, in embodiments, the green speedis determined to be the speed limit minus a predetermined value, such asa value between 5-15 km/h, preferably 10 km/h. In other embodiments, thegreen speed is determined to be the speed limit multiplied by a scalingfactor, which is preferably less than 1, and can be a factor between0.85-0.95. In other words, the green speed can be percentage of thelegal speed limit for the road currently being traversed.

In some sections of the road network, the legal speed limit is notalways known, or there may not be a legal speed limit, and so the speedlimit must be determined based on a set of rules in the device. It willbe appreciated by a person skilled in the art that a number of differentrules can be used to determine a deemed speed limit for the section ofroad. For example, for speed limits of 130 km/h or higher, the greenspeed can be determined to always be 120 km/h.

Additionally, or alternatively, the green speed can be determined basedon an expected speed of travel for the road currently being traversed.For example, associated with a plurality of segments, and typically eachsegment, of the digital map is data indicating an expected speed oftravel along the respective segment at a plurality of different timeperiods. This data, which is typically derived from position datacollected from a plurality vehicles that have travelled the segment inthe past, i.e. historical data, can thus be thought of as time-dependentaverage speed, and can thus be used to determine a speed at any time ofthe day that a vehicle is expected to travel along the segment. A speedprofile associated with an element, and which represents the variationin expected speed of travel, e.g. average speed, over time for anelement, can be determined according to the method described in WO2009/053411 A1; the entire contents of which is incorporated byreference. In embodiments, the green speed is determined to be theexpected speed of travel (e.g. for the current time) minus apredetermined value, such as a value between 5-15 km/h, preferably 10km/h. In other embodiments, the green speed is determined to be theexpected speed of travel multiplied by a scaling factor, which ispreferably less than 1, and can be a factor between 0.85-0.95. In otherwords, the green speed can be percentage of the expected speed of travelfor the road currently being traversed.

The green speed can, in embodiments, therefore be based on both the(legal) speed limit an expected speed of travel. For example, it may berequired that any determined green speed is within a determined windowbased around the expected speed of travel. This means that a driver cantravel at the advised green speed, thereby helping to reduce fuelconsumption, while simultaneously travelling at a speed similar to thevehicles around it, e.g. for the sake of safety. For example, the greenspeed may be required to be within a predetermined range, e.g. between2-5 km/h, above and below the expected speed of travel. Thus, when aninitial green speed determined using the legal speed limit, e.g. asdescried above, is outside of the window, then this initial green speedcan be suitably adjusted, e.g. to be the closest value within the windowof the expected speed of travel; the adjusted green speed then formingthe green speed that is to be displayed to the driver.

In other embodiments, the green speed is determined based on historicalfuel consumption data for a vehicle, and preferably an average fuelconsumption at a plurality of different speeds (i.e. a fuel consumptionper speed histogram); the green speed preferably being the speed(optionally between the current legal speed limit and a percentagethereof, such as 85%) with the lowest average fuel consumption in thehistogram.

In embodiments the average fuel consumption is determined when thevehicle is travelling in a particular gear, preferably the highest gearof the vehicle. In other embodiments, the green speed is furtherdetermined based on a probability that the vehicle is not using thehighest gear at a plurality of different speeds (i.e. a probability ofnon-highest gear use per speed histogram). The not in highest′ gearprobability is included in the calculation since it is likely the driverunit, i.e. engine, of the vehicle will consume less fuel if the driveruses the highest gear, instead of the other possible gears of thevehicle. Accordingly, in embodiments, two histograms are generated for avehicle as it performs one or more journeys along a road network: onehistogram being the average fuel consumption against speed; and theother being the probability of not using the highest gear against speed.

An exemplary method for determining the average fuel consumption againstspeed and the probability of not using the highest gear against speedhistograms is as follows:

Input:

-   -   speed, v    -   current fuel consumption, fc    -   current gear, cg    -   max gear, mg

Constants:

-   -   minimum speed value, MIN_SPEED, e.g. 51 km/h    -   maximum speed value, MAX_SPEED, e.g. 130 km/h    -   acceleration threshold, ACCELERATION_THRESHOLD, e.g. 1 km/h

Output:

-   -   fuel consumption against speed histogram, fc(v)    -   probability of not using the highest gear against speed        histogram, no_mg(v) (probability in the histogram is given as a        percentage between 0% and 100%)

Algorithm:

For the fc(v) histogram: if v is between MIN_SPEED and MAX_SPEED and thespeed change to the last value is lower than ACCELERATION_THRESHOLD,then adjust the average fuel consumption for the current speed with thecurrent fuel consumption.For the no_mg(v) histogram: if v is between MIN_SPEED and MAX_SPEED,then adjust the average probability for the current speed with thecurrent probability, the current probability being: 0% if cg<mg; or 100%if cg is mg.

In embodiments, the histograms are determined at one of the vehicletracking device and the navigation device based on data received fromthe OBD adapter (and which is obtained from the OBD port of thevehicle). As will be appreciated, one histogram could be determined atthe vehicle tracking device and the other could be determined at thenavigation device. The data received from the OBD adapter can comprisevehicle speed (although this can also be determined from a positiondetermining device within the tracking device or navigation device),current fuel consumption, current gear and maximum gear. An exemplarymethod for determining fuel consumption from data obtained from avehicle's OBD port can be found, for example, in WO 2012/137016 A2; theentire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Inalternate embodiments, the current fuel consumption could be obtainedfrom the vehicle CAN bus, thereby providing the actual fuel consumption,rather than an estimated fuel consumption as determined using data fromthe OBD port.

An exemplary method for determining the green speed using the averagefuel consumption against speed and the probability of not using thehighest gear against speed histograms is as follows:

Input:

-   -   current legal speed limit, v_limit (e.g. as determined from the        digital map or from real-time image processing of a camera feed        in the vehicle to identify and read speed limit signs)    -   fuel consumption per speed histogram, fc(v)    -   probability of not using the highest gear against speed        histogram, no_mg(v)

Constants:

-   -   legal speed limit threshold value, SPEED_LIMIT_MIN_PERCENTAGE,        e.g. 85%    -   virtual speed limit, VIRTUAL_SPEED_LIMIT, e.g. 130 km/h (used in        the algorithm as the value for v_limit when there is no legal        speed limit, either in reality or simply because it is unknown        to the device performing the algorithm, e.g. due to being        missing from the digital map)

Output:

-   -   green speed, gv

Algorithm:

For each speed v′ between SPEED_LIMIT_MIN_PERCENTAGE*v_limit andv_limit:

-   -   get average fuel consumption from fc(v) for the speed v′ as        percentage value as pafc: use the minimum and maximum average        fuel consumption over the total data with the fuel consumption        histogram as 0% and 100%, and use a linear function between the        minimum and maximum to determine pafc for v′    -   get the probability from no_mg(v) for the speed v′ that the        driver doesn't use the highest gear    -   store the sum pafc+no_mg(v′) as a score for the speed v′ in a        list speed_score(v′)        The green speed gv is set as the speed v′ that has the lowest        value in the list speed_score(v′), optionally with the gv being        rounded to multiplies of 5 respecting the current unit settings.

In other words, if the speed limit changes, the algorithm will start tofind a green speed within a certain range below the current speed limit.It uses the information stored in the two histograms: the average fuelconsumption against speed histogram and the probability of not using thehighest gear against speed histogram. As fuel consumption and theprobability don't share a unit, the fuel consumption will be convertedfirst. Therefore the algorithm uses the minimum and the maximum fuelconsumption of every speed in the histogram as base values. The minimumvalue marks the 0% position and the maximum value the 100% position. Nowfor every speed within the current range we sum up the probability tonot use the highest gear and the determined “artificial” fuelconsumption probability. Afterwards a minimum search within these valuesis performed and the velocity of the lowest value used as the greenspeed.

Accordingly, and as will be seen from the above, in embodiments, thegreen speed is dependent on the section of road on which the vehicle istravelling, since the green speed should never be greater than the legalspeed limit for the section of road. In some sections of the road, thelegal speed limit is not always known, and so the speed limit must bedetermined based on a set of rules in the device. It will be appreciatedby a person skilled in the art that a number of different rules can beused to determine a deemed speed limit for the section of road.

Green Speed Display

In embodiments, the determined green speed can be shown to the driver ofthe vehicle on the display of the navigation device. The green ispreferably displayed to the driver, and optionally also only determined,at times when it is possible for the driver to follow the advised greenspeed. A determination of when to determine and/or display the greenspeed is preferably based on the (legal) speed limit and/or expectedspeed of travel for the current road being traversed and the currentvehicle speed. An exemplary method for determining when to display thegreen speed is as follows:

Input:

-   -   current vehicle speed, v_current    -   green speed, gv (e.g. may only be determined when the current        legal speed limit and/or the expected speed of travel is more        than a predetermined threshold, such as when the legal speed        limit is 90 km/h or higher)

Constants:

-   -   MIN_SPEED_TO_GREEN_SPEED_PERCENTAGE, e.g. 80%

Algorithm:

If v_current <MIN_SPEED_TO_SHOW_GREEN_SPEED_PERCENTAGE*gv, thedetermined green speed is not to be displayed to the driver. This can bedone, for example, by setting the green speed gv to be undetermined.

Accordingly, in embodiments, a recommended green speed is only displayedto the driver when the current vehicle speed is within a certainpredetermined threshold of the determined green speed. For example, in apreferred embodiment, a driver is only shown a green speed when thecurrent speed is more than 80% of the determined green speed. This is toavoid distracting the driver, since there will typically be a goodreason that the driver is travelling at a slower than expected speed.Thus, in embodiments, a displayed green speed is removed from thedisplay when the current speed of the vehicle is less than thepredetermined threshold, e.g. less than 20% of the determined greenspeed.

Additionally, or alternatively, a recommended green speed is onlydisplayed to the driver when at least one of the legal speed limit andthe expected speed of travel is more than a predetermined value. Forexample, a green speed can be determined and/or displayed only when thespeed limit and/or expected speed of travel is more than 90 km/h. Agreen speed is also displayed on roads on which there is no legal speedlimit, such as the German autobahns (since the speed of travel of suchroads is often greater than 90 km/h).

An exemplary manner of showing the determined green speed on the displayof the navigation device is shown in FIG. 6. In this example, a greenspeed 60 is shown, in this case 110 km/h, together with a legal speedlimit 62, in this case 130 km/h, and a current vehicle speed 64, in thiscase 99 km/h. A warning can be given, e.g. by changing the colour of thearea 66 around the various speed values, when the current vehicle speedis greater than the greater than the legal speed limit or the greenspeed. In some embodiments, e.g. when there is no legal speed limit orthe legal speed limit is not known, then only the green speed 60 and thecurrent vehicle speed 64 are shown.

In summary, the Applicant has recognised, for example, that the optimalspeed for lowest fuel consumption for most passenger cars and lightcommercial vehicles is between 60 km/h and 80 km/h (although it candiffer per vehicle). When driving faster than 80 km/h, the aerodynamicdrag will increase and therefore also the fuel consumption. Green speedadvice is thus preferably provided for speed limits of 90 km/h andhigher. Because it is not safe to drive much slower than the speedlimit, the advice is provided 10 km/h below the speed limit up to aspeed limit of 130 km/h. For speed limits of 130 km/h (and higher) thegreen speed advice is always 120 km/h.

Green Speed Performance Indicator

The green speed performance indicator, or score, is based on therecognition that it is desirable for a driver to travel at thedetermined green speed for as much time as possible, so as to reducefuel consumption. The green speed performance indicator, as will beappreciated, is indicative of the compliance of a driver of a vehicle toan advised driving speed, i.e. the green speed, during a journey on theroad network.

The green speed performance indicator is calculated, e.g. at the server,based on the total driving time at which a green speed was provided tothe driver and the amount of time the vehicle speed was less than orequal to the determined green speed (or optionally within apredetermined threshold of the determined green speed).

The score can simply be based on the ratio of the amount of time thedriver obeyed the advised driving speed and the total driving time atwhich the advised driving speed was provided to him or her. The closerthe ratio is to 1, i.e. 100% compliance, then a higher score isachieved.

An exemplary report as viewable on the computer of the fleet managershowing the green speed performance metric for a plurality of trips madeby a vehicle or driver is shown in FIG. 7. For example, in one journeyon 2 October between 05 h52 and 06 h19 (total journey time of 27minutes), the driver was shown an advised driving speed for 20 minutesand 44 seconds, but only complied with this advised green speed for 5minutes and 14 seconds. Therefore, the driver for this journey obtaineda relatively low score of 25%. As will be seen, not all journeys have agreen speed score associated with them, since for some journeys thecriteria for providing an advised green speed to the driver were neverfulfilled.

Any of the methods in accordance with the invention as described abovemay be implemented at least partially using software, e.g. computerprograms. The present invention thus also extends to a computer programcomprising computer readable instructions executable to perform, or tocause a computing device, e.g. OBD adapter, vehicle tracking device,navigation device, server, etc, to perform, a method according to any ofthe above described aspects or embodiments of the invention. Theinvention correspondingly extends to a computer software carriercomprising such software which, when used to operate a system orapparatus comprising data processing means causes, in conjunction withsaid data processing means, said apparatus or system to carry out thesteps of the methods of the present invention. Such a computer softwarecarrier could be a non-transitory physical storage medium such as a ROMchip, CD ROM or disk, or could be a signal such as an electronic signalover wires, an optical signal or a radio signal such as to a satelliteor the like. The present invention provides a machine readable mediumcontaining instructions which when read by a machine cause the machineto operate according to the method of any of the aspects or embodimentsof the invention.

1. A method of providing an advised driving speed to a driver of avehicle travelling on a road network, comprising: determining an adviseddriving speed of a vehicle for a portion of the road network currentlybeing traversed; determining a current speed of the vehicle on theportion of the road network; determining a speed limit and/or anexpected driving speed for the portion of the road network; andproviding an indication of the advised driving speed to the driver ofthe vehicle when: (i) the current speed of the vehicle is greater than afirst threshold value based on the advised driving speed; and (ii) thespeed limit and/or the expected driving speed is greater than a secondthreshold value.
 2. The method of claim 1, comprising: continuallydetermining the advised driving speed, the current speed of the vehicleand the speed limit and/or expected driving speed as the vehicle travelsalong the road network; and stopping the provision of the adviseddriving speed when at least one of: (i) the current speed of the vehicleis less than the first threshold value; and (ii) the speed limit and/orthe expected driving speed is less than the second threshold value. 3.The method of claim 2, wherein providing an indication of the adviseddriving speed to the driver comprises displaying a graphical indicationof the advised driving speed on a display device within the vehicle. 4.The method of claim 3, wherein the determined advised driving speed isdisplayed on the display device in combination with at least one of: thecurrent speed of the vehicle; and the speed limit for the portion of theroad network being traversed.
 5. The method of claim 1, comprisingtriggering a determination of the advised driving speed when there ischange in the speed limit and/or expected driving speed for the portionof the road network being traversed.
 6. The method of claim 5, whereinthe determination of the advised driving speed is triggered when thechange in the speed limit and/or expected driving speed is more than apredetermined threshold.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstthreshold value based on the advised driving speed comprises apredetermined percentage of the advised driving speed. 8-9. (canceled)10. The method of claim 1, wherein the determination of the adviseddriving speed comprises subtracting a predetermined value fromdetermined speed limit.
 11. (canceled)
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the determination of the advised driving speed comprises:accessing first predetermined data indicative of the variation inaverage fuel consumption for the vehicle with speed of the vehicle;using the first predetermined data to determine data indicative ofaverage fuel consumption for the vehicle for a plurality of speedswithin a range based on a speed limit for the portion of the roadnetwork being traversed; and evaluating the advised driving speed basedat least in part on the determined data indicative of average fuelconsumption for the vehicle for the range of speeds.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the vehicle is a geared vehicle, and wherein thedetermination of the advised driving speed further comprises: accessingsecond predetermined data indicative of the variation in a likelihood ofthe vehicle being in the highest gear with speed of the vehicle; andusing the second predetermined data to determine data indicative of alikelihood of the vehicle being in the highest gear for the plurality ofspeeds within the range based on a speed limit for the portion of theroad network being traversed, and wherein said evaluating the adviseddriving speed of the vehicle is further based on the determined dataindicative of a likelihood of the vehicle being in the highest gear forthe range of speeds.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thedetermination of the advised driving speed further comprises:determining a score value for each of the plurality of speeds within therange based on a speed limit for the portion of the road network beingtraversed, said score value being determined using the firstpredetermined data and the second predetermined data; and setting theadvised driving speed of the vehicle as a speed from the plurality ofspeeds within the range based on the determined score values.
 15. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the road network is represented by anelectronic map comprising a plurality of segments, each segmentrepresenting a portion of the road network, and each segment havingassociated therewith a speed limit and/or an expected driving speed forthe portion of the road network represented by that segment, and whereinthe determination of the speed limit and/or the expected driving speedfor the portion of the road network comprises retrieving the respectivestored speed limit and/or expected driving speed associated with thesegment of the electronic map that represents the portion of the roadnetwork currently being traversed.
 16. A method of determining a scoreindicative of the compliance of a driver of a vehicle to an adviseddriving speed during a journey on a road network, comprising:determining a first time indicative of the total driving time of thevehicle during the journey when an advised driving speed was provided tothe driver of the vehicle, wherein an advised driving speed is providedto the driver of the vehicle when: (i) a current speed of the vehicle isgreater than a first threshold value based on a determined adviseddriving speed; and (ii) a speed limit and/or an expected driving speedfor the portion of the road network being traversed is greater than asecond threshold value; determining a second time indicative of thedriving time during the journey when the speed of the vehicle was lessthan a threshold based on the advised driving speed provided to thedriver; determining the score indicative of the compliance of the driverto the advised driving speed based on the first and second times; andtransmitting the determined score for display on a remote device. 17.The method of claim 16, wherein the determination of the score is basedon a ratio of the second time to the first time.
 18. The method of claim16, wherein determining the second time comprises determining thedriving time during the journey when the speed of the vehicle was lessthan or equal to the advised driving speed provided to the driver. 19.The method of claim 16, wherein determining the first and/or second timecomprises: receiving the location of the vehicle at a plurality of timesduring the journey; determining an advised driving speed for the vehicleat each of the received locations; and determining a speed limit and/oran expected driving speed for the portion of the road network for eachof the received locations.
 20. The method of claim 16, whereindetermining the first and/or second time comprises: receiving thelocation of the vehicle and the associated advised driving speed foreach location at a plurality of times during the journey; anddetermining a speed limit and/or an expected driving speed for theportion of the road network for each of the received locations. 21.(canceled)
 22. An apparatus for providing an advised driving speed to adriver of a vehicle travelling on a road network, comprising at leastone processor and a memory containing instructions that, when executedby the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: determine anadvised driving speed of a vehicle for a portion of the road networkcurrently being traversed; determine a current speed of the vehicle onthe portion of the road network; determine a speed limit and/or anexpected driving speed for the portion of the road network; and providean indication of the advised driving speed to the driver of the vehiclewhen: (i) the current speed of the vehicle is greater than a firstthreshold value based on the advised driving speed; and (ii) the speedlimit and/or the expected driving speed is greater than a secondthreshold value.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising adisplay device, and wherein the instructions, when executed by the atleast one processor, cause the apparatus to display a graphicalindication of the advised driving speed on the display device.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 22, wherein the apparatus comprises a portablenavigation device or a navigation device integrated in the vehicle. 25.An apparatus for determining a score indicative of the compliance of adriver of a vehicle to an advised driving speed during a journey on aroad network, comprising at least one processor and a memory containinginstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe apparatus to: determine a first time indicative of the total drivingtime of the vehicle during the journey when an advised driving speed wasprovided to the driver of the vehicle, wherein an advised driving speedis provided to the driver of the vehicle when: (i) a current speed ofthe vehicle is greater than a first threshold value based on adetermined advised driving speed; and (ii) a speed limit and/or anexpected driving speed for the portion of the road network beingtraversed is greater than a second threshold value; determine a secondtime indicative of the driving time during the journey when the speed ofthe vehicle was less than a threshold based on the advised driving speedprovided to the driver; and determine the score indicative of thecompliance of the driver to the advised driving speed based on the firstand second times.
 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the apparatuscomprises a server arranged to receive the location of the vehicle at aplurality of times during the journey.
 27. A non-transitory computerreadable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by at leastone processor of an apparatus comprising at least one processor, causethe apparatus to operate according to the method of claim
 1. 28.(canceled)